Henry David Thoreau
Australian Water Dragon
Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2019
Description
Australian water dragons have long powerful limbs and claws for climbing, a long muscular laterally-compressed tail for swimming, and prominent nuchal and vertebral crests. (A nuchal crest is a central row of spikes at the base of the head. These spikes continue down the spine, getting smaller as they reach the base of the tail.) Including their tails, which comprise about two-thirds of their total length, adult females grow to about 60 cm (2 feet) long, and adult males can grow slightly longer than one metre (3 feet) and weigh about 1 kg. Males show bolder colouration and have larger heads than females. Colour is less distinct in juveniles.
Behaviour
Australian water dragons are extremely shy in the wild, but readily adapt to continual human presence in suburban parks and gardens. They are fast runners and strong climbers. When faced with a potential predator, they seek cover in thick vegetation, or drop from an overhanging branch into water. They are able to swim totally submerged, and rest on the bottom of shallow creeks or lakes for up to 90 minutes, to avoid detection. Both males and females display typical agamid behaviour such as basking, arm-waving and head-bobbing. Fast arm-waving signals dominance, while slow arm-waving signals submission. Males are territorial, and in areas of higher population density, males exhibit displays of aggression toward other males including posturing, chasing and fighting.
Habitat
As its name suggests, the Australian water dragon is associated with water and is semi-aquatic. It can be found near creeks, rivers, lakes and other water bodies that have basking sites such as overhanging branches or rocks in open or filtered sun. The species is very common in the rainforest section of Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha in Queensland, and a monument has been built to them there. There are anecdotal reports of a small colony living on the Sixth Creek in the Forest Range area of South Australia, hundreds of kilometres outside their natural range, which were probably introduced there during the 1980s by a local reptile enthusiast.
Predators, threats and diet
Australian water dragons are prey to birds, snakes, cats, dogs and foxes. Nestlings and smaller juvenile water dragons are vulnerable to predation by kookaburras, currawongs, butcherbirds and other carnivorous birds.[9] They are also prone to becoming road kill due to the attraction of warm bitumen and concrete for basking.[9] The Australian water dragon's diet depends on its size. Juveniles and yearlings tend to feed on small insects such as ants, spiders, crickets, and caterpillars. When they get bigger, so does their prey. An adult diet includes small rodents such as baby mice, although insects are still the most commonly consumed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_water_dragon
Banana Slug
Purisima Creek Redwood Open Space Preserve, San Mateo Coast, California 2013
In addition to its role as a detritivore, the banana slug is are also a frugivore, or fruit-eater, and may play a role in seed dispersal of plants it consumes directly including raspberries and blackberries or, indirectly, through consumption of animal feces containing seeds. Raccoons, garter snakes, waterfowl, and salamanders are known to prey on banana slugs; juveniles are sometimes eaten by shrews or moles.
Banded Garden Spider
Half Moon Bay, California 2015
Sewlal mentioned that arachnologists have found that banded garden spiders almost always “orient their webs along an east-to-west axis but place themselves in the webs with their abdomens facing south.” This position helps them absorb as much of the sun’s heat as possible. “Temperature is one of the major factors [for] spiders, especially for them to be active late in the year,” said Sewlal.
Like the other garden spiders, banded garden spiders also build stabilimenta. It looks similar to the silver garden spider’s, but is less prominent in the web, according to Sewlal.
Black Spiny Tail Iguana
Jardin del Eden Tamarindo, Costa Rica 1998
Appearance
Black spiny-tailed iguanas are large lizards native to Mexico and Central America. They have distinctively black, keeled scales on their long tails, which gives them their common name. They have a crest of long spines that extends down the center of the back. Although coloration varies extremely among individuals of the same population, adults usually have a whitish-gray or tan ground color with a series of 4-12 well-defined dark dorsal bands that extend nearly to the ventral scales. Males also develop an orange color around the head and throat during breeding season with highlights of blue and peach on their jowls.
Habits and Lifestyle
Black spiny-tailed iguanas are social and territorial animals that live in colonies. They are active during the day. Although mainly terrestrial, these iguanas are excellent climbers, and prefer rocky areas with plenty of crevices to hide in, rocks to bask on, and nearby trees to climb. They are fast-moving creatures that employ their speed to escape predators but will lash with their tails and bite if cornered.
Diet and Nutrition
Black spiny-tailed iguanas are primarily herbivorous (folivores, frugivores). They eat flowers, leaves, stems, and fruit, but will also sometimes prey on smaller animals, eggs, and arthropods. Juveniles tend to be insectivores and become more herbivorous as they get older.
Mating Habits
Black spiny-tailed iguanas generally breed in spring. Males show dominance and interest by head bobbing and may chase the female until they can catch her. Within 8 to 10 weeks, the female will dig a nest and lay a clutch of up to 30 eggs. The eggs hatch 90 days later and the hatchlings dig their way out of the sand. The young are typically green in color with brown markings, although all brown hatchlings have been recorded as well.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenosaura_similis
https://animalia.bio/black-spiny-tailed-iguana
Black Widow
Hetch Hetchy Valley, Yosemite National Park 2008
Notorious for its neurotixin venom, it is a large widow spider found throughout the world and commonly associated with urban habitats or agricultural areas. Although the name 'black widow spider' is most commonly used to refer to the three North American species best known for their dark coloration, black hair and red hourglass pattern, occasionally it is applied to several other members of the Larodectus (widow spider) genus in which there are 31 recognized species including the Australian redback, brown widow spider (sometimes called the grey widow), and the red widow. In South Africa, widow spiders are also known as the button spider.
This species is know as the Western Black Widow (L. Hesperus)
- Black widows are notorious spiders identified by the colored, hourglass-shaped mark on their abdomens. Several species answer to the name, and they are found in temperate regions around the world.
- This spider's bite is much feared because its venom is reported to be 15 times stronger than a rattlesnake's. In humans, bites produce muscle aches, nausea, and a paralysis of the diaphragm that can make breathing difficult; however, contrary to popular belief, most people who are bitten suffer no serious damage—let alone death. But bites can be fatal—usually to small children, the elderly, or the infirm. Fortunately, fatalities are fairly rare; the spiders are nonaggressive and bite only in self-defense, such as when someone accidentally sits on them.
- The animals most at risk from the black widow's bite are insects—and male black widow spiders. Females sometimes kill and eat their counterparts after mating in a macabre behavior that gave the insect its name. Black widows are solitary year-round except during this violent mating ritual.
- These spiders spin large webs in which females suspend a cocoon with hundreds of eggs. Spiderlings disperse soon after they leave their eggs, but the web remains. Black widow spiders also use their webs to ensnare their prey, which consists of flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars. Black widows are comb-footed spiders, which means they have bristles on their hind legs that they use to cover their prey with silk once it has been trapped.
- To feed, black widows puncture their insect prey with their fangs and administer digestive enzymes to the corpses. By using these enzymes, and their gnashing fangs, the spiders liquefy their prey's bodies and suck up the resulting fluid.
Bluet Damselfly
Vogel Lake, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge 2009
Etymology
- Zygoptera comes from the Greek zygo meaning joined and ptera meaning wings.
- Damselflies undergo incomplete metamorphosis, with an aquatic nymph stage
- The female lays eggs in water, sometimes in underwater vegetation, or high in trees in bromeliadsand other water-filled cavities
- Nymphs are carnivorous, feeding on daphnia,mosquito larvae, and various other small aquatic organisms
- The gillsof damselfly nymphs are large and external, resembling three fins at the end of the abdomen
- After moulting several times, the winged adult emerges and eats flies,mosquitoes, and other small insects
- Some of the larger tropicalspecies are known to feed on spiders, hovering near the web and plucking the spider from its nest.
Brown Anole
Princeville, Kauai USA 2024
The brown anole (Anolis sagrei), also known commonly as the Cuban brown anole, or De la Sagra's anole,[3] is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Cuba and the Bahamas. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, via the importation and exportation of plants where the anole would lay eggs in the soil of the pots, and is now found in Florida and other regions of the United States including southern Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Hawaii, and Southern California.[4][5][6] It has also been introduced to other Caribbean islands, Mexico, and Taiwan.
Description
The brown anole is normally a light brown color with darker brown to black markings on its back, and several tan to light color lines on its sides. Like other anoles, it can change color, in this case a darker brown to black. Its dewlap ranges from yellow to orange-red.
Brown anoles are typically 5.0 to 8.5 inches long.[16] The males can grow as large as their male Carolina anole counterparts, around 17.8–20.3 cm (7.0–8.0 in) long, with some individuals topping 22.9 cm (9.0 in).
Habitat
Brown anoles typically prefer to live on the ground in areas with dense vegetation or moist forests. While they spend much of their time on the ground, they’re also comfortable up high in trees and will also make their territory in fences, shrubs, and vines. They prefer semi-tropical climates, with temperatures around 75°F to 80°F (23.8°C to 26.6°C) but no lower than 65°F (18.3°C), and humidity levels between 40% and 80%.
Brown anoles originated from the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Honduras. They currently live in the U.S. as an invasive species. Brown anoles were first recorded in the Florida Keys in the 1880s and since then have spread to Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. They’ve also been found in California and Hawai’i. Most of this spread is caused by accidental transplant, especially from live plants being transported into the U.S.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_anole
https://www.webmd.com/pets/what-to-know-about-brown-anoles
Description
The brown anole is normally a light brown color with darker brown to black markings on its back, and several tan to light color lines on its sides. Like other anoles, it can change color, in this case a darker brown to black. Its dewlap ranges from yellow to orange-red.
Brown anoles are typically 5.0 to 8.5 inches long.[16] The males can grow as large as their male Carolina anole counterparts, around 17.8–20.3 cm (7.0–8.0 in) long, with some individuals topping 22.9 cm (9.0 in).
Habitat
Brown anoles typically prefer to live on the ground in areas with dense vegetation or moist forests. While they spend much of their time on the ground, they’re also comfortable up high in trees and will also make their territory in fences, shrubs, and vines. They prefer semi-tropical climates, with temperatures around 75°F to 80°F (23.8°C to 26.6°C) but no lower than 65°F (18.3°C), and humidity levels between 40% and 80%.
Brown anoles originated from the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Honduras. They currently live in the U.S. as an invasive species. Brown anoles were first recorded in the Florida Keys in the 1880s and since then have spread to Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. They’ve also been found in California and Hawai’i. Most of this spread is caused by accidental transplant, especially from live plants being transported into the U.S.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_anole
https://www.webmd.com/pets/what-to-know-about-brown-anoles
Scientific Classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Dactyloidae
Genus: Anolis
Species: A. sagrei
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Dactyloidae
Genus: Anolis
Species: A. sagrei
Coast Range Fence Lizard
Topanga State Park, LA Basin, 2018
2.25 - 3.5 inches long from snout to vent (5.7 - 8.9 cm). (Stebbins 2003)
The largest subspecies of Western Fence Lizard.
Appearance
A fairly small lizard with large overlapping keeled scales with spines on them on the back and sides.
Scales on the backs of the thighs are mostly keeled.
Color and Pattern
Color is brown, gray, or black with blotches.
Sometimes light markings on the sides of the backs form stripes or irregular lines, and sometimes dark blotching may form irregular bands.
The rear of the limbs is yellow or orange.
The sides of the belly are blue.
Male / Female Differences
Males usually have a nearly entirely blue belly and throat, enlarged postanals, enlarged femoral pores, and a swollen tail base.
Some scales on a male's back become blue or greenish when he is in the light phase.
Females have faint or absent blue markings on the belly, no blue or green color on the upper surfaces, and dark bars or crescents on the back.
Young
Juveniles have little or no blue on the throat and faint blue belly markings or none at all.
Defense
The tail detaches easily to distract a potential predator allowing the lizard to escape.
Diet and Feeding
Eats small, mostly terrestrial, invertebrates such as crickets, spiders, ticks, and scorpions, and occasionally eats small lizards including its own species.
Breeding
Courtship and copulation occur in late spring or early summer, after snows melt.
Egg laying occurs 2 - 4 weeks after copulation.
Females dig small pits in loose damp soil where they lay 1 - 3 clutches of 3 - 17 eggs usually May to July.
Eggs hatch in about 60 days, usually from July to September.
Habitat
Open, sunny, rocky areas in high-elevation forests, especially areas with large rock outcrops or rock slides.
http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/s.o.taylori.html
Edith's Checkerspot Butterfly
Wheeler Peak, Emigrant Wilderness 2014
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Nymphalinae
Identification: Variable. Front wing rounded at tip. Upperside is black with red and pale yellow or white bands. Submarginal band of small yellow or white spots; wide postmedian band is red. Underside of hindwing with alternating bands of yellow-orange and cream.
Wing Span: 1 1/4 - 2 inches (3.2 - 5.1 cm).
Life History: Males perch or patrol all day to find females. Eggs are laid in groups on underside of leaves or on flowers of the host plant. Caterpillars eat leaves and flowers; sometimes using different host plants before and after hibernation. Young caterpillars live in loose silk webs; third- and fourth-stage caterpillars hibernate.
Flight: One brood; from March-May at low elevations, June-August at high elevations and in the north.
Caterpillar Hosts: Various species of paintbrush (Castilleja), beardtongues (Penstemon), lousewort (Pedicularis), owl's clover (Orthocarpus), Chinese houses (Collinsia), and plantain (Plantago).
Adult Food: Flower nectar.
Habitat: From sea level to treeline through diverse habitats including coastal chaparral, meadows, fields, foothills, open woods, alpine fellfields.
Range: Southern British Columbia and Alberta south to Baja California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.
http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Euphydryas-Edith
California Red-Sided Garter Snake
Terrace Ave, Half Moon Bay, Calif 2000
With no real consensus on the classification of species of Thamnophis, disagreement among taxonomists and sources, such as field guides, over whether two types of snakes are separate species or subspecies of the same species is common.[citation needed] Garter snakes are closely related to the genus Nerodia (Water Snakes), with some species having been moved back and forth between genera.[citation needed]
Garter snakes are present throughout most of North America. They have a wide distribution due to their varied diets and adaptability to different habitats, with varying proximity to water; however, in the western part of North America, these snakes are more aquatic than in the eastern portion. Garter snakes populate a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, fields, grasslands, and lawns. They almost eclusively inhabit areas with some form of water, often an adjacent wetland, stream, or pond. This reflects the amphibians being a large part of their diet.
Garter snakes, like all snakes, are carnivorous. Their diets consist of almost any creature they are capable of overpowering: slugs, earthworms, leeches, lizards, amphibians, ants, crickets, frog eggs, toads, minnows, and rodents. When living near water, they will eat other aquatic animals. The ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus) in particular favors frogs (including tadpoles), readily eating them despite their strong chemical defenses. Food is swallowed whole. Garter snakes often adapt to eating whatever they can find, and whenever, because food can be scarce or abundant. Although they feed mostly upon live animals, they will sometimes eat eggs.
Garter snakes were long thought to be nonvenomous, but recent discoveries have revealed they do, in fact, produce a mild neurotoxic venom.[5] Garter snakes cannot kill humans with the small amounts of comparatively mild venom they produce, and they also lack an effective means of delivering it. They do have enlarged teeth in the back of their mouths, but their gums are significantly larger.[6][7] The Duvernoy's gland of garters are posterior (to the rear) of the snake's eyes.[8] The mild venom is spread into wounds through a chewing action. But there is a type of garter snake called Balthazar and it produces the neurotoxin called anuj and it will almost kill any big giant animals like small mammals and froggies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_snake
Kansas Gopher Snake
Kansas County Road Wa-N3, Sep 2008
Description
Harmless. Largest snake in Kansas; keeled scales; pattern of 33–73 large brown or black blotches on brownish yellow body. Tail with alternating yellow and black bands. Belly yellowish with variable black mottling. Young same as adults.
Habits
Lives in open grasslands as well as open woodland and woodland edge; common in cultivated fields where there is an abundance of rodents. Active from April to November; generally diurnal, basking in the sun or foraging for food, but becomes nocturnal during hot summer months. Number of eggs per clutch ranges from 3-22. Constrictor. Most economically beneficial snake in Kansas, consuming large quantities of rodents and saving farmers from much grain loss; also eats pocket gophers, rabbits, ground squirrels, birds and bird eggs. Emits a loud “hiss” when disturbed or frightened.
http://www.gpnc.org/gophersnake.htm
Komodo Dragon
Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2019
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Varanus komodoensis
TYPE: Reptiles
DIET: Carnivore
AVERAGE LIFE SPAN IN THE WILD: Up to 30 years
SIZE: 10 feet
WEIGHT: 330 pounds
What is the Komodo dragon?
Reaching up to 10 feet in length and more than 300 pounds, Komodo dragons are the heaviest lizards on Earth. They have long, flat heads with rounded snouts, scaly skin, bowed legs, and huge, muscular tails.
Habitat
Komodo dragons have thrived in the harsh climate of Indonesia's Lesser Sunda Islands for millions of years. They prefer the islands’ tropical forests but can be found across the islands. Though these athletic reptiles can walk up to seven miles per day, they prefer to stay close to home—rarely venturing far from the valleys in which they hatched
Reproduction
Once a year, when they’re ready to mate, female Komodo dragons give off a scent in their feces for males to follow. When a male dragon locates a female, he scratches her back and llicks her body. If she licks him back, they mate. Males also sometimes wrestle one another to earn mating rights. Pregnant females then lay about 30 eggs, which they bury in the earth until they hatch eight months later. When there aren’t any males around, female Komodo dragons have other means of reproducing: As they have both male and female sex chromosomes, female dragons can reproduce asexually in a process called parthenogenesis.
Diet
As the dominant predators on the handful of islands they inhabit, Komodo dragons will eat almost anything, including carrion, deer, pigs, smaller dragons, and even large water buffalo. When hunting, Komodo dragons rely on camouflage and patience, lying in wait for passing prey. When a victim ambles by, the dragon springs, using its sharp claws, and serrated, shark-like teeth to eviscerate its prey.
Feeding
The Komodo dragon has venom glands loaded with toxins that lower blood pressure, cause massive bleeding, prevent clotting, and induce shock. Dragons bite down with serrated teeth and pull back with powerful neck muscles, resulting in huge gaping wounds. The venom then quickens the loss of blood and sends the prey into shock. Animals that escape the jaws of a Komodo will only feel lucky briefly. Dragons can calmly follow an escapee for miles as the venom takes effect, using their keen sense of smell to home in on the corpse. A dragon can eat a whopping 80 percent of its body weight in a single feeding.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/k/komodo-dragon/
Mountain Garter Snake
Huckleberry Lake, Emigrant Wilderness 2014
18 - 43 inches in length (46 - 109 cm).
Appearance
A medium-sized slender snake with a head barely wider than the neck and keeled dorsal scales.
Color and Pattern
- Ground color is a dark olive-brown or black with no red markings
- There are 3 well-defined light stripes on the back and sides:
- The dorsal stripe is yellow, orange, or white.
- The lateral stripes may be paler. Underside is pale with few markings, and is sometimes darker in the center.
Active in daylight. Chiefly terrestrial - not as dependant on water as other gartersnake species, but more likely to be found near water.
Defense
If frightened when picked up, this snake will often strike repeatedly and release cloacal contents. When frightened, this species will sometimes seek refuge in vegetation or ground cover, but it will also crawl quickly into water and swim away from trouble.
Diet and Feeding
Terrestrial gartersnakes eat a wide range of prey (among the widest of any snake species), including amphibians and their larvae, fish, birds, mice, lizards, snakes, worms, leeches, slugs, and snails. At high elevations in the Sierra Nevada, Mountain Gartersnakes rely almost exclusively on amphibians for food, mostly Sierran Treefrogs.
Breeding
Breeds primarily in spring, with young born live July - Sepember.
Elevational Range
The species Thamnophis elegans - Western Terrestrial Gartersnake, occurs from sea level to 13,100 ft. (3,990 m) in elevation in Colorado. (Stebbins, 2003)
Habitat
Inhabits streamsides, springs, mountain lakes, in grassland, meadows, brush, woodland, and coniferous forest.
http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/t.e.elegans.html
Pacific Gopher Snake
Terrace Ave, Half Moon Bay, Calif 2015
Adults of this species can be 2.5 - 7 feet long (76 - 213 cm) but most of this subspecies are from 4.5 - 5 ft. (137 - 152 cm.) Hatchlings are fairly long, and may exceed 20 inches in length (51 cm.)
Appearance
A large snake with heavily keeled scales, a narrow head that is slightly wider than the neck, and a protruding rostral scale on the tip of the snout that is bluntly rounded. A striped morph is also found, often in Solano and Yolo Counties around the Davis Area.
Color and Pattern
Ground color is straw or tan, with large square dark chocolate blotches or saddles along the back and smaller gray spots on the sides. The back of the neck is dark brown. The underside is cream to yellowish with dark spots. Often there is a reddish color on the top, especially near the tail.
Life History and Behavior
Activity
Active in the daytime, and at night in hot weather. One of the most commonly seen snakes on roads and trails, especially in the spring when males are actively seeking a mate, and in the fall when hatchlings emerge. A good burrower, climber, and swimmer.
Defense
When threatened, a gopher snake will elevate and inflate its body, flatten its head into a triangular shape, hiss loudly, and quickly shake its tail back and forth to make a buzzing sound which may be a mimic of a rattlesnake rattler it could be a similar behavior that helps to warn off an animal that could be a threat to the gopher snake. Gopher snakes have a specially-developed epiglottis which increases the sound of their hiss when air is forced through the glottis.
Diet and Feeding
Small mammals, especially pocket gophers, birds and their eggs, and occasionally lizards and insects. A powerful constrictor; kills prey by suffocating them in body coils or by pressing the animal against the walls of their underground burrows.
Breeding
Mating occurs in spring after emergence from winter hibernation, with eggs laid June - August, hatching in 2 to 2.5 months. Mating and egg laying will occur later in more northern climates or at higher elevations.
http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/p.c.catenifer.html
Passion Butterfly
Limahuli Gardens, Hā'ena, HI 20242024
Overview
Thriving in the warmth of the southern United States, particularly in Florida and Texas, the Gulf Fritillary embarks on a captivating journey through life, from a strikingly colored caterpillar to a beautifully patterned adult butterfly. Its lifecycle, characterized by distinctive stages of development, is a testament to nature’s intricacies. This guide delves into the descriptive and identification details of each stage, alongside providing insightful quick facts and tips on how to identify this species, enriching your knowledge about the Gulf Fritillary.
- Family: Nymphalidae
- Subfamily: Heliconiinae
- Identification: Upperside bright orange with black markings; 3 black-encircled white dots on forewing leading edge. Underside brown; forewing with orange at base; both wings with elongated, iridescent silver spots.
- Wing Span: 2 1/2 - 3 3/4 inches (6.3 - 9.5 cm).
- Life History: Males patrol for females, who lay eggs on many parts of the host plant. Caterpillars feed on most parts of the host. Adults overwinter in the south.
- Flight: Throughout the year in south Florida and South Texas, January-November in the north. Number of broods has not been determined.
- Caterpillar Hosts: Various species of passion-vine including maypops (Passiflora incarnata) and running pop (P. foetida).
- Adult Food: Nectar from lantana, shepherd\'s needle, cordias, composites, and others.
- Habitat: Pastures, open fields, second-growth subtropical forest and edges, city gardens.
- Range: South America north through Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies to the southern United States. Wanders north to the central United States; rare northward.
- Conservation: Not usually of concern.
- NCGR: G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
- Management Needs: Cultivate host plants.
https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Agraulis-vanillae
Santa Cruz Garter Snake
San Mateo Skyline, 2006
18 - 40 inches long (46 - 102 cm). Most snakes encountered are generally 18 - 28 inches long (46 - 71 cm).
Neonates are 7 - 10 inches ( 18 - 25 cm).
Appearance
A medium-sized slender snake with a head barely wider than the neck and keeled dorsal scales.
Some average scale counts: Average of 8 upper labial scales, 6 and 7 not enlarged. 11 lower labial scales. Rear pair of chin shields is longer than the front. The internasals are longer than they are wide and pointed in front. Average of 19 or 21 scales at mid-body.
Color and Pattern
- Ground color is gray, brown or black.
- There is a wide yellowish to orange-yellow dorsal stripe, but with the side stripes absent or obscured.
- There may be small alternating dark spots on the sides.
- The throat is white or yellow, sometimes bright yellow.
- The underside is bluish or greenish sometimes with pink or yellow marks.
- A highly-aquatic snake, able to remain underwater, but also found away from water.
- Active during the day, and after dark during very hot weather.
- Can be active most of the year when conditions allow, but primarily found spring through fall.
- Defense
- When threatened, this snake will often escape into water, hiding on the bottom. If it is frightened when picked up, it will often strike repeatedly and release feces from the cloaca and expel musk from anal glands.
Probably eats mainly amphibians and their larvae, including frogs, tadpoles, and aquatic salamander larvae (newts and giant salamanders, Taricha and Dicamptodon ), but small fish are also eaten. Captives have also taken small rodents. Leeches may also be consumed - I saw a recently-captured T. a. zaxanthus regurgitate two leeches.
Preston and Johnston, 2012, in their study of the diet of T. atratus in the Bay Area, found that native amphibians are a very important part of their diet, with Sierran Treefrogs being the most important amphibian prey, followed by California Toads, California Newts, and California Red-legged Frogs.
Adults have been found to forage actively, neonates are sit-and-wait foragers, and juveniles practice both forms of foraging.
Breeding
- Courtship has been observed during March and April.
- Young are born live late summer to early fall.
Creeks, streams, small lakes and ponds, in woodland, brush and forest and grassy ecotones. Seems to prefer shallow rocky creeks and streams. When found in muddy ponds there are usually rocky outcrops nearby.
Scarlet Skimmer (Crimson Darter)
Common Grounds, Princeville, Hawaii USA 2012
http://hawaiinaturejournal.weebly.com/hawaii-plants-and-animals-in-the-backyard-and-beyond/category/arthropods/3
Short Wing Green Grasshopper
Black Mesa, Oklahoma, Sep 2008
Grasshoppers have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body (sometimes filamentous), and short ovipositors. Those species that make easily heard noises usually do so by rubbing the hind femurs against the forewings or abdomen (stridulation), or by snapping the wings in flight. Tympana, if present, are on the sides of the first abdominal segment. The hind femora are typically long and strong, fitted for leaping. Generally they are winged, but hind wings are membranous while front wings (tegmina) are coriaceous and not fit for flight. Females are normally larger than males, with short ovipositors. Males have a single unpaired plate at the end of the abdomen. Females have two pairs of valves ( triangles) at the end of the abdomen used to dig in sand when egg laying.
They are easily confused with the other sub-order of Orthoptera, Ensifera, but are different in many aspects, such as the number of segments in their antennae and structure of the ovipositor, as well as the location of the tympana and modes of sound production. Ensiferans have antennae with at least 20-24 segments, and caeliferans have fewer. In evolutionary terms, the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the Permo-Triassic boundary (Zeuner 1939).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper
Sierra Fence Lizard
Emigrant Wilderness, Lertoria Lake 2001
2.25 - 3.5 inches long from snout to vent (5.7 - 8.9 cm). (Stebbins 2003)
The largest subspecies of Western Fence Lizard.
Appearance
A fairly small lizard with large overlapping keeled scales with spines on them on the back and sides.
Scales on the backs of the thighs are mostly keeled.
Color and Pattern
Color is brown, gray, or black with blotches.
Sometimes light markings on the sides of the backs form stripes or irregular lines, and sometimes dark blotching may form irregular bands.
The rear of the limbs is yellow or orange.
The sides of the belly are blue.
Male / Female Differences
Males usually have a nearly entirely blue belly and throat, enlarged postanals, enlarged femoral pores, and a swollen tail base.
Some scales on a male's back become blue or greenish when he is in the light phase.
Females have faint or absent blue markings on the belly, no blue or green color on the upper surfaces, and dark bars or crescents on the back.
Young
Juveniles have little or no blue on the throat and faint blue belly markings or none at all.
Defense
The tail detaches easily to distract a potential predator allowing the lizard to escape.
Diet and Feeding
Eats small, mostly terrestrial, invertebrates such as crickets, spiders, ticks, and scorpions, and occasionally eats small lizards including its own species.
Breeding
Courtship and copulation occur in late spring or early summer, after snows melt.
Egg laying occurs 2 - 4 weeks after copulation.
Females dig small pits in loose damp soil where they lay 1 - 3 clutches of 3 - 17 eggs usually May to July.
Eggs hatch in about 60 days, usually from July to September.
Habitat
Open, sunny, rocky areas in high-elevation forests, especially areas with large rock outcrops or rock slides.
http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/s.o.taylori.html
Sierran Tree Frog
Terrace Ave Half Moon Bay, California 2016
Adults are .75 - 2 inches long from snout to vent (1.9 - 5.1 cm). (Stebbins, 2003)
Appearance
A small frog with a large head, large eyes, a slim waist, round pads on the toe tips, limited webbing between the toes, and a wide dark stripe through the middle of each eye that extends from the nostrils to the shoulders. Legs are long and slender. Skin is smooth and moist. Often there is a Y-shaped marking between the eyes.
Color and Pattern
Dorsal body coloring is variable: green, tan, brown, gray, reddish, cream, but it is most often green or brown. The body color and the dark eye stripe do not change, but the body color can quickly change from dark to light, and dark markings on the back and legs can vary in intensity or disappear in response to environmental conditions. The underside is creamy with yellow underneath the back legs.
Male/Female Differences
The male's throat is darkened and wrinkled.
Young
Similar to adults.
Larvae (Tadpoles)
Tadpoles are up to 1 7/8 inches long ( 4.7 cm) blackish to dark brown and light below with a broze sheen. The intestines are not visible. Viewed from above, the eyes extend to the outline of the head.
Activity
Active both day and night, becoming mostly nocturnal during dry periods.
During wet weather, they move around in low vegetation. In locations at low elevations where temperatures are more moderate, frogs may be active all year. At colder or hotter locations, frogs avoid temperature extremes by hibernating in moist shelters such as dense vegetation, debris piles, crevices, mammal burrows, and even human buildings.
The name "treefrog" is not entirely accurate. This frog is chiefly a ground-dweller, living among shrubs and grass typically near water, but occasionally it can also be found climbing high in vegetation. Its large toe pads allow it to climb easily, and cling to branches, twigs, and grass.
Green body color absorbs more solar radiation which can be more beneficial in cold and aquatic habitats.
Brown body color absorbs less solar radiation, which may be more beneficial in drier, hotter, more terrestrial habitats.
http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/p.sierra.html#description
Tarantula
Black Mesa, Oklahoma 2008
Tarantulas are the biggest of spiders. They have eight legs, are often hairy, and have two big fangs. Some are dull brown, while others can be brightly colored. The sizes range too as small as a fingernail, too as big as a dinner plate. Woah, that’s a big spider. Tarantulas can live in rainforests and desserts.. Their prey is insects, and even rodents and small birds. They hunt by stalking, slowly creeping up. Then they quickly leap onto their prey and stick their hollow, furry fangs into the prey. Venom is pumped in and liquefies the prey’s insides. Then the spider eats it like bug soup. Mm! Surprisingly, tarantulas spend a lot of their time hiding when they’re not hunting. Lots of animals will try to eat them although some do not succeed, for the tarantula has a few good defenses. The hairs on the back less and abdomen can break off with the slightest touch; borrowing into an enemy and making them itch terribly. They are also pretty fast runners, with eight legs! And if all else fails, they can bite, but their venom is used mainly for eating prey. For some reason tarantula’s reputation isn’t that good. Maybe because they are big. Maybe because they are hairy. Maybe because they are poisonous. Well, yes, they are big, and hairy. They do have poison, but it can’t kill a person unless you’re allergic to it. For most people, tarantula bites are no worse than a bee sting. People are sometimes worried they are in the bananas in grocery stores. That is extremely rare, so don’t worry! The tarantula is a wonderful animal. Take a little closer look, and you’ll see something amazing.
http://courses.ttu.edu/thomas/classPet/1999/Tarantula/facts.htm
Facts about the Tarantula
- Tarantulas will go bald on their thorax when they get old!
- Tarantulas have tiny hairs on the back of their abdomen and back legs that will stick to an enemy if disturbed and ITCH.
- Tarantulas have re-tractable claws, just like cats!
- Some tarantulas can get as big as dinner plates!
- Tarantulas’ bite is actually not that dangerous; no more worse than a bee sting (unless you’re allergic, of course).
Two-gemmed Sawfly
Huckleberry Lake, Emigrant Wilderness 2014
Sawflies get their name from the saw-like nature of their ovipositor. Sawfly larvae usually feed on the outside of plants, many prefer grasses, but some do serious damage in the timber industry as woodborers and leaf miners.
Sawflies are herbivores, feeding on plants that have a high concentration of chemical defences. These insects are either resistant to the chemical substances, or they avoid areas of the plant that have high concentrations of chemicals.[3] The larvae primarily feed in groups; they are folivores, consuming plants and fruits on native trees and shrubs, though some are parasitic. However, this is not always the case; Monterey pine sawfly (Itycorsia) larvae are solitary web-spinners that feed on Monterey pine trees inside a silken web. The adults feed on pollen and nectar.
http://cirrusimage.com/wp/bees-wasps-and-ants/ & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawfly
Veiled Chameleon
Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2019
The male is 43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 in) long from the snout to the tip of the tail. The female is shorter, no more than about 35 cm (14 in), but it has a thicker body. Both sexes have a casque on the head which grows larger as the chameleon matures, reaching about 5 cm (2.0 in) in the largest adults. Newly hatched young are pastel green in color and develop stripes as they grow. Adult females are green with white, orange, yellow, or tan mottling. Adult males are brighter with more defined bands of yellow or blue and some mottling.
Coloration can be affected by several factors, including social status. In experimental conditions, young veiled chameleons reared in isolation are darker and duller in color than those raised with other individuals. Females change color across their reproductive cycles. Chameleons also tend to change to a much darker color when stressed
This chameleon lives in a number of habitat types in its native range, including plateaus, mountains, and valleys. Like most other chameleons, it is arboreal, living in trees and other large plants. It prefers warmer temperature, generally between 24 to 35 °C (75 to 95 °F).
The veiled chameleon is primarily insectivorous. It is one of several chameleon species also known to consume plant matter, perhaps as a source of water during the dry season.
The lifespan is about 5 years for females, and up to 8 years for males. They reach sexual maturity at four to five months. They breed more than once a year. The female lays large clutches of up to 85 eggs and buries them in sand. The eggs are white with a tough skin. The embryos experience a diapause, a length of time when they are dormant in the egg before they begin developing. Increasing temperatures in the substrate initiate development.
Males display for females during courtship, performing behaviors such as "head rolls" and "chin rubs". Females change color when they are receptive to breeding, and males are more likely to court them during this time.[
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiled_chameleon
Western Yellow Bellied Racer
Terrace Ave, Half Moon Bay, Calif 2015
Adults are 20-75 inches long (51-190 cm), typically under 3 feet long. Hatchlings are 8 - 11 inches long.
Appearance
A slender snake with large eyes, a broad head and a slender neck, smooth scales, and a long thin tail.
Color and Pattern
Plain brown, blue-grey, or olive-green to green above and unmarked off-white or yellowish below.
Young
Young have dark blotches on the sides and saddled markings on the back. At one time juveniles were thought to be a different species of snake than the adults due to the dramatic difference in appearance.
Life History and Behavior
Activity
Active in daylight. Mainly terrestrial, but also a good climber. Can be found at denning sites along with other species of snakes. Moves very quickly. Despite the species name, it is not a constrictor. Often bites agressively.
Diet and Feeding
Eats lizards, small mammals, birds, eggs, snakes, small turtles and frogs, and large insects. Hunts crawling with head held high off the ground, sometimes moving it from side to side. Prey is killed by being quickly overcome and captured, crushed with the jaws or trapped under the body, and swallowed alive.
Breeding
Lays eggs in early summer.
http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/c.c.mormon.html#description
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